Enabling Transparent Decision-making with Explainable AI in Banking

Senthil Chandramouleesan

The banking industry has been aggressively adopting artificial intelligence (AI) across multiple use cases in the last few years. The ultra-competition in the industry has pushed banks to work relentlessly and improve business agility, accelerate decision-making, reduce operational costs, and provide superior customer experience. To that end, banks are leveraging AI to deliver some of these outcomes. However, the inability of AI systems to explain the decisions and actions to human users limits their effectiveness. This is where explainable AI (XAI) offers tools and techniques to build human-interpretable AI models.

Concerns with the ‘black box’ nature of AI

While more financial enterprises are adopting AI algorithms, the reality is that users are unable to understand the rationale behind the decisions. There is an ever-increasing concern that the output from AI algorithms is biased. Instances of such bias have been reported in financial services, including bias against minority groups or gender in credit card and loan approvals. There are concerns from regulatory bodies on the transparency of AI and the dire need to demystify the ‘black box’ nature of AI. The US Senate has introduced a bill, ‘The Algorithmic Justice and Online Platform Transparency Act,’ prohibiting AI algorithmic processes on online platforms that discriminate based on protected characteristics. As part of the bill, the Federal Trade Commission has established an interagency task force with representatives from the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau to examine the discriminatory use of personal information.

Improving transparency in AI

In the commercial lending business, banks use AI to proactively identify when their existing customers are thinking about business expansion or related business ventures and prequalify them for a loan. This offer deepens the customer relationship and keeps the customer from defecting to another bank for any additional lending needs. Banking personnel requires explanations from the AI system on how the specific decision was made and the influencing measures for every customer qualified for such an offer. An example of this would be a firm proactively working to reduce its carbon footprint by introducing sustainable practices into the business model or venturing into green business while improving the profit margin. Such firms shall have a better weightage for pre-approved loans. Firms with increasing debt year-on-year shall be declined for an incremental credit offer. Here, XAI can be applied to explain and justify the outcome produced, thereby improving transparency in AI decisions.

Approaches to improve explainability in AI

Banks can adopt XAI techniques that are model-agnostic to improve the explainability of AI systems. AI model simplification is based on rule extraction techniques. For instance, the local interpretable model-agnostic explanations (LIME) technique builds locally linear models around the predictions of an opaque model to explain it. This technique will be able to answer the most common questions: why was a customer selected for the loan offer, or which features caused the offer qualification? The bank can also use the SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) technique to rank or measure the influence or the importance of features like credit history, revenue growth, and profit margin in the prediction output.

Let us consider the approach for providing explanations at the global, local, and feature-interaction levels. At the global level, XAI will help answer how the data is contributing to decisions. It can measure the influence of critical features like credit history, total turnover, profit margin, type of industry, total debt, and loan amount and rank the order of feature importance on the decision.

XAI can facilitate a better understanding of the prediction for an individual customer and answer the question of why the AI system disqualified a second loan for a particular existing customer. Poor credit history or poor business performance could be a major influencing factor. XAI can even compare the decisions taken on two customers with almost the same feature values, such as total turnover and credit history, and explain why the AI system disqualified the loan for one customer but not the other.

At the feature-interaction and distribution level, XAI can explain how the model output varies with changes in the total turnover when the other attributes remain constant. This can explain the difference in loan offer decisions for two similar customers.

Final thoughts

With explainability being critical for all stakeholders, XAI adoption will accelerate in the coming years. AI algorithms, especially deep learning approaches, will see a drastic uptake by the banking industry if only XAI comes to the rescue with explainability techniques. This will address the concerns of banks and regulators that are expecting transparency and explainability to build trustable AI in banking. If used judiciously, the potential of AI is incredible and will help remove the historic data bias and democratize access to financial services.

About the author

Senthil Chandramouleesan

Senthil is a senior consultant in the Banking and Financial Services business unit at TCS. He has over 23 years of experience working with banking customers in the US, UK, and Europe. During his career, Senthil has managed customer relationships, program governance, project delivery, and operations. He has delivered business value in several transformation programs for customers in areas of legacy modernization, cost optimization, bank integration, process automation, and cloud migration. Senthil holds a bachelor's degree in Mechanical Engineering from Anna University, Chennai, India.

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Explainable AI – A Necessity for Transparent and Trustable Intelligence in Banking

About the author

Senthil Chandramouleesan

TCS is here to make a difference through technology.

We’re in it for good, driving positive change for the benefit of all.

Extraordinary expertise leads to remarkable results.

Want to be a global change-maker? Join our team.

Find the latest news about TCS in our Newsroom

Recent Press releases

Recent News

Recent recognitions

TCS works hand in hand with world-leading investors.

About the author

Senthil Chandramouleesan

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